History of Science Journal recent issues

ILHAM ALIYEV'S GREEN ENERGY POLICY: SERVING THE BRIGHT FUTURE OF HUMANITY

Irada Huseynova — 2025-03-15T10:00:00

The article talks about COP29, the 29th session of the Conference of the Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, which is taking place in Baku. It is noted that our country is currently expanding its activities in the direction of improving the environment, restoring and increasing greenery, using water resources efficiently and using sustainable energy sources. The article reports that issues of extreme importance for our planet and our people are discussed at various events organized every day within the framework of COP29, and relevant decisions are announced. The decisions taken by COP29 are of historic importance for the future of humanity. The article provides detailed information based on factual material for the discussion of issues such as global warming, extreme weather events and depletion of non-renewable natural resources. Hosting one of the most prestigious UN events in Azerbaijan means that our country supports another global initiative and thereby further increases its authority among the countries of the world.

STRENGTHENING AZERBAIJAN’S “SOFT POWER” POTENTIAL AFTER THE SECOND KARABAKH WAR

Mahammad Akberov — 2025-03-15T10:00:00

The great victory achieved in the Second Karabakh War not only increased Azerbaijan's opportunities for geopolitical influence in the region, but also created a serious basis for enhancing the role of soft power potential in projecting its national power. Having become the leading country in the South Caucasus, Azerbaijan has made significant progress in the global power index. The article examines the natural potential of the territories liberated from occupation, the rich potential of the country's green energy, the intensification of multi-vector foreign policy and active diplomacy, the transformation of Turkish identity into a geostrategic vector and the rise of organizational potential, the Zangezur Corridor - its connection with military-political and geo- economic processes is justified.

PROPHETIC NARRATIVES AND EXAMPLES OF PROPAGATION BY THE PROPHETS IN THE HOLY QURAN

Shargiya Salmanova — 2025-03-15T10:00:00

The article emphasizes that the stories contained in the Holy Quran are grouped into two headings: the stories of The prophets and the stories of other communities, and Among them are 26 stories of the prophets. The article Provides examples of the preaching of monotheism among The stories of these prophets and a description of the Peoples who died because of disbelief in him. The article is organized into three main headings: the terminological Meaning of the concept of stories, the purpose of stories And examples of sermons of the prophets.

THE IMPACT OF RELIGION ON MENTAL HEALTH

Ayaz Hashimov — 2025-03-15T10:00:00

Religion has been the most important factor affecting people's lives since ancient times. Even when people acquire a new identity, the influence of religion plays a role. The fact that religion surrounds human life in many ways manifests itself at almost every moment of a person's life. We can witness this in the theories given about religion. At the same time, religion also has a big role in mental health. In our article, various factors affecting mental health such as mental health, stress, depression, hopelessness are described. At the same time, the question of what religion is was also tried to be answered. After these statements, issues such as religion-mental health, religion- depression, religion-hopelessness, religion-loneliness were touched upon separately. The influence of religion on these feelings has been discussed. Psychologists have obtained different results about the relationship of these emotions with religion. In the article, we touched on the positive aspect of the possible impact of religion on mental health. The results obtained by the majority of psychologists investigating these issues are positive.In the article, the positive aspects are mentioned by referring to the factor that has an important impact on eliminating the psychological difficulties that surround the lives of many people today.

TEACHING RUSSIAN TO MILITARY PERSONNEL TROUGH PATRIOTIC SONGS LYRICS

Nigar Bashirova — 2025-03-15T10:00:00

The role of vocal songs in developing and formatting of normative and communicative aspects in culture of speech as well as problems of understanding of grammar and lexis materials by second language learners are enlightened in the article. Music and songs are key points in the methodological chain in teaching process of Russian for foreigners. The proved argumentations of importance in familiarization with the military history of the target country by the help of songs are introduced in the article. Enormous attention on developing and establishing the norms of cultural speech is emphasized. One of the Russian patriotic songs analyses and are reading and other reading tasks are introduced in practical part.

A FEMINIST CHARACTER IN JEWISH LITERATURE IS LILITH

Aisha Jumshudova — 2025-03-15T10:00:00

The generally accepted story of the creation of the world is the creation of the first man (Adam) as male and then the creation of a woman (Eve) from him and for him. However, accounts of the co- creation of man and woman suggest that Adam had another wife before Eve, hence the legend of Lilith. Lilith, who is also mentioned in Jewish sacred texts such as the Talmud, Midrash and Zohar, is also depicted in the non-Jewish alphabet Ben Sira. Thus, Lilith was Adam's first wife, could not get along with him, and left Adam and paradise, claiming that they were equal since they were created equally. Lilith and Eve are mythological figures symbolizing the opposite poles of female identity and morality. In sacred texts, the events that led to the serpent-demon (Lilith) persuading Eve to eat the “forbidden fruit” were transformed into the image of two hostile characters in works of art. Today, feminists consider her the first woman to rebel against male domination. Today in the Judeo-Christian tradition, all the ancient goddesses are resurrected as Lilith because negative sexist portrayals of women are frowned upon. Lilith is the antithesis of feminist ideology, which Judaism presents as a female devil and incites hatred of women. Therefore, it can be said that understanding Lilith is the basis for understanding feminism.

GEOGRAPHY AND DIPLOMACY: THE INFLUENCE OF BORDERS ON POLITICS

Ramila Aliyeva — 2025-03-15T10:00:00

This article explores the complementary and reinforcing relationship between geography and diplomacy. Geography, borders, natural resources, and strategic position shape states' diplomatic policies and international relations. Geopolitics, especially energy security between states, border disputes, and acquisition of natural resources play an important role in regional cooperation issues. Thus, new energy corridors, trade routes, and environmental issues have become important topics in contemporary diplomacy. Climate change and ecological diplomacy also create new areas of cooperation between states and influence international relations. Geopolitics is also a major factor in strategic decision-making between states, ensuring economic development, and protecting security. Such relations are also important for conflict resolution and regional stability. The role of geography in diplomacy remains an important factor that states should analyze to protect their interests and gain a strong position at the international level. As a result, the close relationship between geography and diplomacy will play an important role in the future development of global politics and diplomatic relations.

THE BATTLE OF ARMAGEDDON IN CHRISTIAN ESCHATOLOGY

Leylakhanim Malikova — 2025-03-15T10:00:00

There are various concepts that are accepted as symbols of the struggle between good and evil in the world. One of these is Armageddon. Detailed information about Armageddon is available in the Bible. According to Christians, the Battle of Armageddon is the final battle between the forces of good and evil in the world. The article discusses which forces will participate in Armageddon and what the consequences will be. There have also been wars and political changes in various periods of history that have been associated with Armageddon. The site of the battle of Armageddon is thought to be Megiddo. There is various information about this region in history. The city of Megiddo has been the centre of many wars. The Battle of Armageddon has been identified with many events in history. This is mainly due to the interpretation of biblical information by researchers. The Bible does not clearly state when the battle of Armageddon will take place. Although there are different estimates in the Christian world, none of them gives a precise date.

A NEW APPROACH IN PSYCHOLOGY: TRANSPERSONAL PSYCHOLOGY

Hasan Isayev — 2025-03-15T10:00:00

Abraham Maslow, who is known as the philosophical father of transpersonal psychology, first introduced the term to the public at a conference held in San Francisco in 1967. Maslow promoted the concept of the highest human development needs and the idea of "self-actualization." He also noted that humanistic psychology played a transitional role to transpersonal psychology. The aim of our research is to explore the relationship between the mind and body, explain what transpersonal psychology is, and describe the approach it offers. Additionally, the research seeks to examine both the theoretical and practical aspects of this field, explore its connection to human psychological development, and analyze the place of transpersonal psychology in contemporary psychology. In this research, a qualitative method was used as the research approach. The practical significance of the study lies in understanding the spiritual, moral, and emotional development of individuals, as well as forming a theoretical foundation for future articles on the subject. During the study, the general reasons for the emergence of the science of psychology, the concept of transpersonal psychology, the ways in which individuals can recognize themselves, the relationships between the mind and body, and the psychoanalytic approach to the health of the soul were explored. As a result of the research, we can understand how significant transpersonal psychology is in contemporary psychology. This is because it attempts to address nuances that certain schools of psychology (such as behavioral psychology, cognitive psychology, etc.) cannot explain.

ONTOLOGY OF NUMBERS IN THE LIGHT OF THE LAWS OF DIALECTICS

Hikmat Vazirov — 2025-03-15T10:00:00

For the first time it was established, that geometric line constructed from dots is not solid, but a dashed line. And there can’t be solid lines without voids. The same words can be said about surfaces and planes. It is shown, that rational and irrational numbers are qualitatively different from a philosophical point of view and therefore not comparable. For this reason, they can`t be placed on the same numerical axis. New mathematical-philosophical paradoxes had been considered. Today it is commonly supposed, that physical continuum is solid, continuous, without voids. It is shown, that continuum is having holes in truth. And the interaction of the holes of the continuum with its dots is the source of the philosophical movement. For the first time a new concept of philosophical freedom (archefolia) has been proposed in the article. To explain the essence of this new concept, the authors chose the methodology of mathematics. For the first time, attention called to the fact that there is no number whose square is equal to the transcendental "number" π (or other transcendental number). Therefore, when graphing the functions imperceptible microscopic discontinuities are formed on the curve. On this basis we come to the conclusion that there are no curves without discontinuities. For the first time in the article it is shown that flat geometrical figures or their parts, in principle, cannot touch each other and be solid. It is shown that the number axis is uniformly leaky. If there is no material between physical bodies or philosophical things, then there is no distance between them. Distance is possible only if the gap between these things is filled with something material or Being.

THE SOUL-BODY PROBLEM: THE INCONSISTENT TETRAD AND ITS RESOLUTION IN SADR AL-DIN SHIRAZI’S PERSPECTIVE

Ibrahim Baghirov — 2025-03-15T10:00:00

The “inconsistent tetrad” refers to the four propositions commonly used in the philosophy of mind to address the issue of the mind-body relation. As the name suggests, although each of these propositions may individually be true, only three of them can be true at the same time, while one must always be false. For instance: 1) The soul is a non-material substance; 2) The body is a material substance; 3) The soul and body are in relation to each other; 4) The relationship between material and non-material entities is impossible. Throughout the history of philosophy, different philosophers have provided various solutions to this problem. Dualists, who believe in the non-material nature of the soul, reject the fourth proposition, which denies the possibility of the relationship between material and non-material entities. In contrast, proponents of physicalist theories attempt to resolve the issue by materializing the soul. This paper attempts to analyze the inconsistent tetrad from the perspective of the 17th-century Safavid philosopher Sadr al-Din Shirazi. After explaining the nature of the inconsistent tetrad, the paper discusses Shirazi’s concept of the soul. It then examines which propositions, from the perspective of his theory of the soul, are likely to be true and which are likely to be false. The conclusion emphasizes that, according to Shirazi’s theory of the soul, which is “corporeal in its origination, but spiritual in subsistence,” the soul and body represent the only ontological unity that evolves from matter to spirit. Unlike the dualist or physicalist viewpoints, the Shirazi perspective offers not a singular solution, but multiple possible solutions to this problem.

AN INTERVIEW WITH SHAKIR ALBALIYEV: THE COLORFUL PAGES OF A SCHOLAR'S LIFE

Aygun Mammadova — 2025-03-15T10:00:00

ETHNONATIONAL SITUATION IN IRAN: IDEOLOGICAL AND SCIENTIFIC APPROACHES

Vidadi Mustafayev — 2024-12-15T10:00:00

The article examines the ethno-national situation in contemporary Iran. The author, presenting a thesis on the existence of ideological and scientific approaches to the issue, analyzes the history, ethnic structure, anthropological and linguistic identity, and, most importantly, the political relationships among Iranian peoples, drawing relevant conclusions. The first section details the attempts by ideologists seeking to exploit the current ethno-national situation in Iran, showing the increasing attention of international and regional organizations, both large and small, from distant and neighboring countries, to national relations and the ethno-national situation in Iran, emphasizing their different approaches to this issue. The multinational nature of the Islamic Republic of Iran is also noted, as well as the fundamental constancy of the state’s national policy and the variations in its manifestations. In the subsequent presentation of the material, the article highlights the unique aspects of internal and external attitudes toward the national situation in Iran and emphasizes that the problem under study, according to specific parameters, is associated not only with internal but also with regional and, to some extent, global security. The article provides a relatively detailed analysis of the works of Iranian authors who adhere to an objective, scientific approach to all issues related to the ethno-national situation in the Islamic Republic of Iran. The study concludes that, alongside the long-standing dominant ideological approach aimed at denying the existence of ethnic structures and national relations, as well as justifying the state policy of creating a nation-state, in recent years, and on a limited scale, the formation of an objective and scientific approach has begun, emphasizing the existence of an ethnic structure, a crisis in national relations, and the need for reform in national policy. The article’s conclusions stress the necessity of adhering to the principles of international law in the area of human rights, including the collective rights of people (ethnic and religious minorities), as well as ensuring the implementation of the rights provided in the relevant articles of Iran’s constitution.

SPELLING AND LEARNING SHORT ADJECTIVES IN A MILITARY CLASSROOM

Nigar Bashirova — 2024-12-15T10:00:00

The article is devoted to a difficult topic: brief adjectives, their study and spelling. Regarding the spelling, it can be argued that it can be learned correctly by brief adjectives, but it is much more difficult to use them in the right situations in your speech, since the type of adjectives implies special vocabulary and speech. We do not always use brief adjectives, but only when we want to express exactly our personal attitude, our assessment of an object or living being. There is a certain courage in the semantics of short adjectives. It is especially interesting to explain the cases of the use of short adjectives for military personnel who have not yet learned full adjectives. This can be done on the example of military proverbs and sayings, which is replete with military vocabulary. In the practical part of the article, a sufficient number of exercises, tasks are provided.

COMMUNCATIVE METHOD OF TEACHING RFL IN MILITARY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

Sayali Akhundova — 2024-12-15T10:00:00

In this article, an analysis of an innovative approach to the principle of comprehensive teaching the Russian language as a foreign in a military audience is given. The article presents widely revealed methods and methods of teaching the Russian language of military personnel through innovative material, namely: role-playing games, group projects, stimulants, training at the training ground. The importance of using interactive textbooks and multimedia materials is emphasized. Methodological recommendations are given on the training of military terminology on the material of these textbooks and videos, as well as the development of military teams in the language being studied. Work is interesting for its novelty and relevance.

ISLAM'S CONTRIBUTION TO SCIENCE IN EUROPE (AS DESCRIBED BY WESTERN SCHOLARS)

Tarlan Seyfullayev — 2024-12-15T10:00:00

According to the explicit admission of Western historians, Europe's scientific movement was inspired by the scientific movement of Muslims, and Europeans owe their scientific advancements to Islamic scholars! Based on the admissions of Western scholars, "When we consider the contributions of Muslims to Western culture, we see that science illuminated the West from the East!" Dr. Max Meyerhof states: "Muslim science was like the shining moon that illuminated the darkest nights of medieval Europe. As new sciences emerged, the moon faded in color, but it was that same moon that guided us through the dark nights to where we are now. We can say that its rays are still with us!" In the same book, we read: "In short, with the translation of Muslim scholars' books, Europe’s barren land was blessed with rainfall, making it fertile, and gradually Europeans became acquainted with Eastern sciences!" He writes: "Recent discoveries have shed new light on the ancient history of Islamic world sciences, but it must be admitted that these discoveries are still insufficient; the world will increasingly realize the significance of Islamic sciences in the future." Professor Gibb writes: "Looking back at the past, we see that the science and literature of the East acted like leavening for Western civilization, in such a way that the influence of Eastern spirit and thought illuminated the dark minds of people in past centuries in the West and led them to a broader world!" The famous Christian historian George Zaidan writes: "When Islamic civilization reached its full stage and foreign sciences were published in the lands of Islam, Muslims began to study them. A group of Islamic scholars, using their genius, surpassed the original owners of those sciences, adding new ideas and discoveries to them. Thus, the sciences and knowledge branched out, evolving and blending with Islamic culture and traditions, forming the shape of Islamic civilization." He writes: "From what we have said about the role of education in Islamic civilization, it is well understood that knowledge and science flourished in various directions among Muslims. Scholars, jurists, physicians, and philosophers brought forth their genius through this path."

ARCHAEOLOGICAL CULTURE OF GANIKHCHAY (ALAZAN)

2024-12-15T10:00:00

One of the important and insufficiently resolved issues in modern Azerbaijani historiography and archeology is the archaeological culture of Ganikhchay (Alazan). The relevance of the article is to solve the tasks set for the solution of this problem.

For the first time in the article, material culture findings representing the archaeological culture of Ganikhchay (Alazan) were studied, different and new scientific conclusions were obtained. The application of these results, which constitute the scientific innovation of the article, in secondary and higher educational institutions is one of the important requirements of today.

TERRITORIAL DISPUTES AND THEIR RESOLUTION BETWEEN THE AZERBAIJAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC AND GEORGIA

Aysel Aliyeva1 — 2024-12-15T10:00:00

The concept of "territory" is of vital importance as one of the most important subjects of law and international relations. As is well known, territories can often be disputed either between states or within states. These disputes can lead to bigger conflicts later.

The issue of disputed territories between Azerbaijan and Georgia revolves primarily around Borchali and Zagatala regions.

The general information about Borchali region is that this region is mainly inhabited by ethnic Azerbaijanis and has historical ties with both Azerbaijan and Georgia. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the borders drawn during the Soviet era have become an object of controversy.

The general information about Zagatala region is that Zagatala is located in the north of Azerbaijan, near the Georgian border. The region has ethnic and cultural significance for both countries. The current situation is that Zagatala, like Borchali, has a mixed population.

A REVIEW OF THE BOOK "THE LIFE OF THE PROPHET (VOLUME I)"

Mehrab Demirzade — 2024-12-15T10:00:00